This study is to examine the degree to which women engage in attachment behaviors toward their unborn children. Cranley's Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) was modified to Japanese version (MFAS-J2), which consists of 20 items with.87 reliability. MFAS-J2 was administered to both normal and high-risk pregnant women (n=275) during gestation. All subjects were restricted to women who were having their first child, and they were between 5 and 40 weeks gestation at the time they completed the instrument. Demographic data were also gathered.
Results
(1) Maternal-fatal attachment increased significantly from 5 to 40 weeks of gestation. Especially feeling fetal movement had positive effect on maternal-fetal attachment.
(2) Women who reported negative perception or ambivalent feeling about their pregnancy showed low attachment score. And women whose husband reported negative feeling about their pregnancy responded lower in the scale.
(3) Some negative relationships were observed between maternal-fetal attachment score and the histories of abortion and sterility.
(4) Maternal-fetal attachment showed no significant correlations to factors of threatened abortion, premature labor, and IUGR.
(5) Maternal-fetal attachment showed negative correlations to State-Trait anxiety during early pregnancies.

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This study was conducted to mainly investigate the causes of falls among elderly living in the community and also to clarify the status of the elderly one year after they experienced falls. Subjects who had lived in Koga city, Ibaraki prefecture were chosen. An average age of the subjects (n=132) was 73.7±6.4 years. Self administrated questionnaire was employed.
The main results were obtained as follows.
1) The average of the falls of a subject for the past one year was 1.75±2.40 times. About 70 percent of the falls occured outdoor. About 70 percent of the causes of the falls were extrinsic.
2) The higher injuries frequency occured among those who got medical treatment. Diuretic and hypotensive drugs occupide the major two kinds of all.
3) The physical symptoms such as pains, fatigues, walking problems, as well as less active behavior characterized those who experienced the fall-caused external injuries.
The falls triggered off deteriorating the elderly's healthy physical status. It was suggested that nursing intervention was very important to prevent falls among elderly in the community to maintaine their quality of life (Q. O. L).

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Hemodynamic changes while walking up and down stairs were studied in 53 myocardial infarction (MI) patients in the chronic phase and 31 adults of normal health.
Electrocardiograms were recorded by a holter monitor and analyzed for arrhythmias and ST segment changes. Heart rate, systolic and dyastolic pressure, and pressure-rate product (PRP) were also measured by auto sphygmomanometer. These were measured at one minute intervals during the following period: resting in bed for 3 minutes in a supine position; walking to a stairway (1 minute); walking up and down 2 flights of stairs taking 30 seconds for each flight (total of 2 minutes) and returning to their bed (1 minute). All subjects then rested until they reached their starting PRP level.
After walking up and down the stairs, the PRP increased significantly over that measured while the subjects were in a supine position for both the MI patients and those of normal health. However, the rate of increase for the MI patients was lower than that of the normal adults. Also, for MI patients older than 60, increases of the PRP were lower than the increases of the younger patients. This phenomenon may be due to low cardiac function, low cardiac reserve, vascular sclerosis, and the hemodynamical instability of the weak vasomoter reflex.
In addition, the average recovery time after walking up and down the stairs was 1.9 minutes for MI patients, compared to 1.2 minutes for normal adults. 17% of the patients spent more than 3 minutes recovering, while the recovery times for all normal adults were within 2 minutes.
We must always be observant of MI patients, both older people and people whose recovery rate is slow, so as not to increase their cardiac burden while they are walking up and down stairs.

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The purpose of this paper is to reveal factors that may occur or that may prevent medication errors, and to consider some measures of patients' safety. For this aim, we explored the characteristics of each ward and the characteristics of each nurse as well as their experiences about medication errors.
The investigation was conducted at a approximately 650-bed university hospital located in a large urban center in Tokyo, and at a approximately 150-bed private hospital located in a suburb of Tokyo. Questionnaires were distributed in October 1991 and asked nurses to identify medication errors in which they had been personally committed within the past one-month. A response rate was approximately 70%. We were informed other information of each unit from head nurse-such as the unit size, case mix, nurse staffing and working schedule of nurses.
Results indicate that on the questionnaires the nurses reported 10 times medication errors than they reported to head nurses. 56 percent of 155 nurses (except nurses who were working at an ICU and a mental ward) stated they had made medication errors or near misses during the 1-month reporting period. 30 percent of 155 stated they actually dealt with medication errors occurred by others.
Several factors that effect medication errors have been identified by a stepwise discriminant analysis. The proportion of serious patient and the bed occupancy rate influenced the occurrence of medication errors. The educational career of a nurse, especially whether the nurse had been offered an assistant nursing program or not, related to dealing with and/or preventing medication errors. Although the number of medication errors per nurse of the ICU in the university hospital was almost the same as that of the unit including ICU beds in the private hospital, but approximately 10 times more medication errors and near misses per patient were reported in the former than in the later.
Several limitations of this study dictate that the results be applied with caution. However, it may be helpful in preventing medication errors to lighten the burden of nurses, and to enlighten nurses on this subject.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the daily life and care condition of elderly people living in Korea, and to observe the symptom of senile dementia among them. In the first survey, 713 subjects were screened and 42 subjects were diagnosed as suffering from senile dementia. In the second survey, 26 elderly and their caregivers who agreed to participate in this program, were interviewed.
The results were as follows.
1. About 25% of the 713 subjects needed some kind of help in their daily life.
2. 85% of the subjects could go out and about their houses without help. Only 5% of them had a complete or a partial loss of activity.
3. Of all the subjects, 42 were diagnosed as suffering from senile dementia. The prevalence of this disease was calculated at 5.6% in the survey.
4. Each demented elderly person had 5.3 mental symptoms on the average. Depression was observed more among women and violence was observed more among men.
5. The elderly who had a lower CPR score (Caretaker-Patient Relationship Score), indicating a poor relationship between the patient and caretaker, had a higher prevalence of mental symptoms than those who had a higher CPR score.

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