The purpose of this study was to clarify therapeutic behavior and related conditions of pediatric post renal transplant patients during their adolescence using qualitative research methods. Data collection and analysis were based on the Grounded Theory and its methods. A total of 52 unstructured interviews were conducted with 25 post renal transplant patients (10 females ; 15 males). Subjects, who had renal disease in childhood and received renal transplants, were in good condition at the time of interview. Their average age was 25 years (17-36 years). An average of 12 years (5-23 years) had passed since transplantation. Analyses revealed“transitions in therapeutic behavior”as the core category and“inappropriate regard by others”,“fear of being ruined”and“building and repairing self affirmation”as the subsidiary categories. During adolescence, therapeutic behavior changed from'compliant performance'to'autonomous performance'. This transition was interrelated with“inappropriate regard by others”,“fear of being ruined”,'ability to differentiated the conflict between therapeutic regimen and own wish','enlightenment by parents','consciousness as an adult in society'and“building and repairing self affirmation”.'Experience of a critical situation','learning the consequences of deviant behavior from others','retrospective perception of parents' devotion' and'parents'candid advice'prevented deviations from the therapeutic regimen.'Excessive confidence in own recovery' and'priority given to surroundings'were related to therapeutic regimen deviations.

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The purpose of this study was to describe what families experience and how they discover the meaning of life when a member with a poor prognosis is treated a hospice outpatient clinic. Each of the families participated in unstructured interviews and all data were analyzed by the qualitative method based on a phenomenological approach. The following results were obtained by typology. Hospice outpatient families experienced confusion at the changes the patient's illness brought to their lives and felt limited in their ability to help the sufferer. Faced with an unavoidable fate, they could only grope for answers to their questions. Moreover, the decisions and judgments the families had to make as a result of the rapid worsening of the illness caused them intense difficulties. The need for daily care for a patient with no hope for the future brought about conflict and remorse in the family-patient relationship. However, the changes in the patient's condition made the family aware that time together was running out, and this fostered an awareness of their role in the patient's terminal care. Simultaneously, for the family, meaning of meals for the patient increased in importance, adding a sense of joy in feeding and helping to prolong his or her life. In addition, in the midst of their time together came the realization that the patient's terminal care would fall to them.

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The purpose of this study was to develop an Emotional Labor Inventory for Nurses (ELIN). Emotional labor offered by nurses was defined as actions used to express their emotions appropriately to patients. First, 57 question items were selected based on references and interviews and they were evaluated by 60 nurses and 66 nursing students. Next, item analysis resulted in a reduction of the items to 50 for the first version of ELIN, and these were given to 436 nurses. Factor analysis identified that ELIN (26 items) comprised five factors: “Exploring and understanding”,“Surface adjustment”,“Suppressed expression”,“Expression of caring”, and“Deep adjustment”. Internal consistency was maintained with Cronbach's α coefficient (0.92) and stability with the test-retest method (r=0.72). Criterion-related validity was supported by good correlation between ELIN and the Emotional Labor Scale (r=0.48) and comparison of ELIN for nurses and students. Construct validity was assured by Scale of Sharing Experience and Insufficient Sharing Experience. Overall, the results suggest that ELIN is a valid and reliable measurement scale.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify coping behaviors helping to change feelings of difficulty caused by relationships into positive feelings during diabetic self-management. Data from adult diabetic outpatients were obtained using semi-structured interviews about difficult feelings and associated changes after patients had practiced diabetic self-management. Data were analyzed inductively.
Subjects who had felt that their “diet was burdensome in social contacts” displayed changes to positive feelings of “firm belief in the methods of self-management”, which involved “reducing feeling of burden from dietary requirements”, “confidence to undertake dietary self-management” and “satisfaction with adjustment of self-management”, after experiencing “conversion of perspective”, which involved “diabetic confession” and “reasonable management” which involved “fulfilling dietary self-management standards” and “responsibility evasion on work”.
Coping behaviors changing feelings of difficulty into positive feelings appear crucial for constructing and maintaining good relationships with others in diabetic self-management in social contacts.

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Interviews were conducted with 29 adult siblings of the handicapped and the mentally retarded. They were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to investigate how these siblings learn about, assign meaning to, and cope with their brothers' or sisters' disability and how the situation affected their own personal development. The results suggest that the siblings first realized there brothers or sisters were disabled when they perceived the distinction between how their parents treated them and what the situation was like for other children. When faced with social prejudices, they became embarrassed and more aware of their brother or sister's disability, and from about high school they began to truly understand what it meant. As a result, at around the age of twenty they could understand the disability better and adopted appropriate behavior based on their own situation; a situation in which they provided care and built strong relationships with their siblings. However, there were some did not think of their disabled siblings as shameful or did not try to better understand the situation.

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The purpose of this study was to develop the patients-nurse communication skill scale. The 54 items of this scale were made and the sample for the analysis was composed of 368 nurses, and the efficient answers of 355 nurses data were used for the testing of the reliability and the validity of this scale. The first group of items for original questionnaire were 54, and finally 19 original items were selected by the investigation of content validity, correlation coefficient and commonality. The original questionnaire was consisted of 19 items, and a type of the questionnaire included 1-5 graded Likert scale.
As a result of factor analysis, five factors were selected from 19 items as follows: getting the information, speaking smoothness, positive listening, personal space ·eye contact and assertion. The correlation coefficient between this original scale and the KiSS-18 (Social Skill) showed high score (r=0.645). And then, the result of test for the reliability of this scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach α coefficient=0.874), so the result of test for the validity of this scale supported high content validity.
The above findings indicated that this developed scale had enough validity and reliability for practical use.

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The purpose of this study is to show how female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are affected by the disease and what they experience in relationships with others. Twenty-one female outpatients with systemic lupus erythematosus participated in this study. Data were collected by semi-structural interviews, and were continually compared and analyzed by Grounded Theory Approach.
Their relationships with others are mainly classified into four categories:[Exposing the disease][Not exposing the disease][Feeling understood][Feeling not understood]. These four categories are closely related with each other. In addition, what they have experienced since the onset of the disease and what they expect they would experience in the future are related with the four categories. The female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, in order to minimize the effects of illness in relationships with others, have strategically adopted either [Exposing the disease]or [Not exposing the disease].

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The aim of this study is to understand the supports nurses provide children who receive information about their cancer and its treatments.
The study sample consisted of six nurses who have four to eleven years of clinical experience in pediatric cancer field. They were asked to participate in semi-structured interviews that were tape recorded. The recorded data were transcribed word for word, and analyzed using a grounded theory approach.
The data indicated that the nurses impact the children in five ways: by assessing the situation, by preparing the foundation for intervention, by providing guidance in daily life, by maintaining and supplementing information, and by judging the effects of interventions. The nurses did not merely encourage the children to do the appropriate behavior to fight the illness. Rather, their object was for the children to act with autonomy in their struggle with illness by getting information appropriate to their ability to comprehend and their level of interest. In order to be effective, nurses need to do two things: The first is to collect a variety of information and, keeping in mind the child's perspective, assess how the information should be presented. The second is to be constantly conscious of their objectives and how their actions affect their patients.

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Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants to examine the sensations experienced and descriptive expressions used by people who suffer numbness and pain as the after-effects of a stroke, and to identify ways in which the participants deal with those sensations. We learned the following. (1) While individual participants described their experiences with numbness and pain in a variety of ways, many participants said that the sensations were difficult to describe. (2) Participants found it difficult to distinguish between numbness and pain. Some participants indicated that as their numbness grew more pronounced, it became almost painful. (3) Participants experienced what seemed to be contradictory sensations, sometimes feeling deep, internal numbness and pain due to changes in the weather or other factors, while also feeling numbness and pain on the surface of their skin induced by direct contact with wind and rain. (4) Participants did not feel numbness and pain while sleeping and would forget about it when their attention was focused elsewhere. When their attention was focused on the numbness and pain, the sensations were more pronounced. Also, numbness and pain were felt not only on their own, but also in combination with other abnormal sensations, such as a“sense of uncertainty,”“changes in sensation of hot and cold,”and a“sense of discomfort.”Numbness and pain have wide-ranging effects on the lives of stroke victims, and the participants of this study reported that they have striven to maintain their lifestyles by“learning to cope with the pain and numbness,”“coming to terms with my body,”“adjusting to living in a world of health equipment,”“becoming involved with others in my surroundings,”and“focusing on myself.”

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The present study describes the experiences of school-aged children with postoperative pain following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Investigation of nursing care for these illnesses was performed using Leininger's ethnonursing method. Six school-aged children were selected as key informants. Twenty-four general informants were selected, including 17 pediatric ward staff, 1 operating room staff and the mothers of the 6 children.
One main theme and six sub-themes were determined during this study. The main theme revealed that school-aged children who experience tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy merely want to get better and the uncertainty of whether they will get better or not is very dominant in their minds.
Results indicate that prior to surgery it is important for nurses to discuss the level of postoperative medical care with the child and mother, as children can not communicate postoperatively due to loss of voice. Following surgery, nurses must ease the pain of school-aged children at an early stage. It is also necessary to check that the child has understood not only the purpose of the discussions with nurses regarding postoperative medical care but also the content of these discussions.

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