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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Published: September 10, 2005
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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Ryosho Tanigama
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
525-532
Published: September 10, 2005
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On the basis of previous research studies, this paper attempts do point out that "health" and "hygienics" are the key words for interpreting the history of physical education in modern Japan, especially in the Meiji Period. Hygienics made physical education a theoretical means of gaining optimum health, and therefore a rigorous method was developed for promoting physical fitness among Japanese people. Accompanying this movement, a physical standard for the body was set based upon average height and weight, and as a result, the physical characteristics of each individual were judged according to how they fitted within the permissible range. In short, a governmental policy of equalization or nationalization of Japanese body characteristics was adopted and attained in the name of hygienics, and it was expected that all people would be able to meet this average. However, those who did not reach the standard became targets of discrimination, and in some cases were branded as unpatriotic. Therefore, it can be said that "health" and "hygienics" are the key words for understanding both the positive and negative aspects of the history of physical education in modern Japan.
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Tomoyasu Kondo, Takeo Takahashi, Yoshinori Okade
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
533-543
Published: September 10, 2005
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Die "Laborschule" als ein Gesamtschulmodell in Bielefeld wurde 1974 gegrundet. Der Reformpadagoge Hartmut von Hentig leitete diese Schule und legte den Schwerpunkt auf eine "Erziehung zur Politik" und eine "Erziehung zur Verantwortung". Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurde die Laborschule zu einer "Curriculum-Werkstatt" weiterentwickelt. Weiterhin wurde groβer Wert auf die Idee von "Schule als Erfahrungsraum" und das gemeinsame Lernen von Schulern unterschiedlicher sozialer Herkunft gelegt. Von Hentig kritisierte die uberkommenen Bildungsprivi-legien und forderte eine gemeinsame und allgemeine Bildung fur alle Schuler. Hinter dieser Idee stand die Bildungsreform der 1960er und 70er Jahre in Deutschland. Der ursprungliche, von Reformpadagogen unterstutzte Gedanke dieser Reform war, dass die traditionellen sozialen Schichten sich verandern und alle Burger gleiche Bildungschancen haben sollten. Dieses Konzept hatte auch Einfluss auf den Bereich Sport in der Laborschule. Im Sportunterricht wurde darauf geachtet, dass die Schuler durch korperliche Erfahrung ihren eigenen Korper oder den anderer erfahren und an-nehmen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurden nicht nur traditionelle Sportarten, sondern auch an-dere korperliche Aktivitaten in den Unterricht aufgenommen. Dadurch entstanden die Orientierung auf nicht-traditionelle Sportarten und die Korperorientierung im Sportunterricht. In dieser Arbeit geht es um das Verhaltnis von Bildungsreform, Laborschule und dem Bereich Sport in der Laborschule. Es wird analysiert, wie die reformorientierte Idee der Laborschule den Bereich Sport beeinflusste.
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Toru Sato
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
545-555
Published: September 10, 2005
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Lehrerinnen und Lehrer mussen im Sportunterricht ihre Schuler, die eine Ubung als Lehrstoff nicht leisten konnen, zur Losung der Aufgabe fuhren. Sie ermitteln dabei im Allgemeinen zuerst den Fehler der nicht gelungenen Bewegung und dann versuchen sie, durch die Beseitigung des Fehlers den Bewegungsablauf zu verbessern. Der Lehrende verweist den Schuler auf den auftre-tenden bewegungstechnischen Fehler und leitet ihn zu der Idealtechnik. Bei einer solchen Lehrweise, die einfach auf den auβerlich sichtbaren Verlauf der Bewegung beruht, konnen jedoch nicht alle Lernende die Aufgabe erfullen. Es muss deshalb nicht nur die Korrektur des auβerlich sichtbaren Symptoms angestrebt, sondern auch untersucht werden, worin die Fehlerursache liegt. Uber das Erfassen der oberflachlichen Besonderheiten der Bewegung hinaus muss die Einsicht in die inneren Prozesse des Sich-Bewegenden, d.h. in die Aktualitat der Bewegungsausfuhrung, gewonnen werden. Denn die menschliche Bewegung ergibt sich nicht allein aus der physischen Kausalitat, sondern auch aus den verschiedenen bewussten oder unbewussten Faktoren wie fruhere Erfahrungen, personlicher Eifer oder einfach aus Angst usw. Vor allem spielen der phanomenolo-gische Horizont, auf dem unsere Handlungen betrieben werden, und die ihn unterstutzende aktive und passive Kinasthese im HUSSERLschen Sinne fur die vitale menschliche Bewegung eine entscheidende Rolle. Ohne diese Faktoren ins Bewusstsein zu bringen, kann die wesentliche Bedeutung der Haltung und Bewegung nicht nachvollzogen werden. Eine derartige Interpretation der Bedeutung von Bewegung kann erst nach der Analyse der Intentionalitat des Ausfuhrenden umgesetzt werden. In dieser kleinen Abhandlung wird der Beweis fur die Notwendigkeit der Intentionalitatsanalyse beim motorischen Lehren vom phanomenologischen Standpunkt ausgefuhrt. Dabei werden die Methodik und die Voraussetzungen dazu ebenfalls vom Gesichtspunkt des Abbauens der Kinasthese aus betrachtet. Es wird auβerdem die Unentbehrlichkeit von Fallstudien als methodisches Mittel fur die Uberlieferung der Forschungsergebnisse betont.
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Yuko Suzuki, Hideki Suzuki, Hiroaki Uechi
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
557-568
Published: September 10, 2005
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In this work, we propose a scale for evaluation of physical activity in young children. The process of developing the evaluation scale was divided into three parts. In part I, we decided the items of the scale. Utilizing questionnaires that had been completed by 152 kindergarten and daynursery teachers, we formalized the concept of the "active child" by classifying the answers into 56 items under 3 main categories and 9 sub-categories. The 23 most relevant items were selected preliminarily to be part of the evaluation scale. In part II, a new questionnaire based on the 23 selected items of the evaluation scale was elaborated and distributed to another group of 54 kindergarten and day-nursery teachers. Each teacher observed and evaluated the physical activity of 6 children, to give a total number of 324 children observed. From analysis of the data collected in part II, we divided the concept of physical activity into four factors : F1, Playing; F2, Leadership; F3, Challenge; F4, Socialization. Based on these factors, our scale was finally adjusted to contain 15 items. In part III, we examined the reliability and validity of the evaluation scale. First, we performed the same test in the same group twice. We analyzed the internal consistency of the factors, as well as the interrelationships among the factors in both tests. The results confirmed the high reliability of the scale. Also, in order to examine the validity of the proposed scale, we collected data from 114 children who wore pedometers to monitor their steps and total daily energy expenditure. We found a significant correlation between the collected data and the total points assigned for each factor in the scale test. We also performed a confirmatory factor analysis whose results validated the method used to construct this evaluation scale. The evaluation scale proposed in this work can be used to verify the effectiveness of a program to increase the physical activity of young children, as well as helping to clarify what causes a child to have low physical activity.
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Masami Sekine
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
569-580
Published: September 10, 2005
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Humans must resign themselves to the inevitable biological decline in their physical performance. How to deal with aging is a timeless problem for all humanity. Research adopting a natural scientific approach has focused on the problems associated with aging, especially in the realm of physical activity and the health of the elderly. On the other hand, deterioration of physical performance as a result of aging varies considerably among individuals. The present paper focuses on this problem by considering the meaning of physical aging from a philosophical viewpoint. Philosophy is based on philosophical anthropology and the existential viewpoint. This paper examines (1) Cicero's thoughts on aging, (2) the life-span developmental theory in an attempt to find a method for defining aging, and (3) the problem of freedom, in which the human body is regarded as an existential being. The main areas of discourse in this paper are as follows. 1. Cicero proposes a physiological rationale for aging, which is a natural process in humans. However, Milo focuses on the existential problem. 2. There are limitations to the life-span developmental theory. 3. The main limitation is a dimension of existence whereby our bodily freedom is lost as a direct result of aging, and the body exists as a subjective extension. Bodily freedom does not mean that our mind runs away from lost bodily ability. It means that our body as a subjective extension constitutes a new world. It is concluded that the problem of bodily freedom needs to be considered when addressing the issue of aging besides the field of natural science.
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Hiroki Nakamoto, Takashi Sugihara, Ken Oikawa
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
581-591
Published: September 10, 2005
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of video-based perceptual training on novice baseball players' anticipation ability (pitch type, timing, and course) and batting performance. It has been proved that perceptual training is effective for the development of anticipation ability, but former studies have never focused on its influence on batting performance. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of batting, anticipation accuracy is much more important than anticipation speed (Burroughs, 1984). However, little is known about anticipation accuracy. Therefore, the main focus of this study was the development of anticipation accuracy and its effects on batting performance. The subjects were 24 male junior high school baseball players and 12 male collegiate baseball players. Twenty-four novice players were randomly assigned to a training group (TR) or a control group (C). The collegiate baseball players served as experts for comparison with the novice groups. In the learning periods, cues for anticipation were taught to the TR. Then, the TR anticipated pitch type, timing and courses after watching temporally occluded video footage. After each trial, feedback was given immediately. In the pre-test, the experts showed significantly higher anticipation accuracy than the TR and C. Before and after the test in the TR, the correct answers for pitch type and course were significantly increased, and the absolute error of timing was significantly decreased. Finally, the anticipation accuracy of the TR reached the same level as the experts. These results clearly show that perceptual training is effective for improvement of anticipation accuracy. Likewise, in the batting test of the TR, both the proportion of hits and the proportion of hits into fair ground were significantly increased after the test in comparison with before the test. These facts indicate that video-based perceptual training is effective not only for anticipation accuracy but also improvement of batting performance.
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Toshiyuki Ichiba
Article type: Article
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
593-595
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
596-597
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
598-607
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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2005 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages
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