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Volume 38 (2003)
- Issue 4 Pages 199-
- Issue 3 Pages 143-
- Issue 2 Pages 73-
- Issue 1 Pages 3-
Volume 38, Issue 3
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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Comparative Analyses of Physiological Strain, Technical Performance and Viewing PointM. Faiz SYUAIB, Shoji MORIIZUMI, Hiroshi SHIMIZU, Kiyofumi ISHIZUKI2003 Volume 38 Issue 3 Pages 143-153
Published: September 19, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: February 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe main objectives of this study are to provide ergonomic data about the performance of tractor operators, particularly beginners, and to find effective ways to improve operator-training system and work safety education.
This paper reviews two experiments concerning ride-on tractor operation. Experiment 1 was the Driving Course (DC), which was designed to assess driving tasks in a road segment, and Experiment 2 was Rotary Tillage (RT), which was designed to assess tractor operation in a farm field. An ergonomic approach was taken to analyze the tractor operation performance of both beginners and skillful operators (all subjects have an automotive driver's license).
The present study focused on comparative analyses of physiological strain, technical performance and viewing patterns between beginners and skillful operators. These analyses proved that the learning time required for beginners to reach a necessary level of performance and psychological stability were about 5 and 16 hours (effective-working time) for the driving course and rotary tillage operation, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (1927K) -
Tomoe SHIMIZU, Jun SHIMADA2003 Volume 38 Issue 3 Pages 155-161
Published: September 19, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: February 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined how the long-term manure application and reduced tillage had exerted influence on the dynamics of nematodes community in the field. We collected soil samples from the four types of field where managed with the different combination of manure/fertilizer application and conventional/reduced tillage, at regular intervals, over the cultivation period of corn (Zea mays). Sampling was conducted for different depth of soil layer, 0-5cm and 20-25cm below the top-soil. Nematodes were extracted with Baermann method, counted and classified into two groups; plant-feeding and free-living. Then we calculated the density of each group.
In the case of the free-living nematodes density, the increasing was greater in 0-5 layer than 20-25, and greater in the manure applied field than in fertilizer applied. Reduced tillage was favorable for them. While plant-feeding nematodes, the density was higher in fertilizer applied than in manure applied. It was suggested that The combination of conventional tillage and fertilizer had a mutually potentiating effect on the increasing of them. Besides, There was a significantly negative correlation between the density of total nematodes and the proportion of plant-feeding nematodes in each sample.
From these results, we considered that the emvironment where free-living nematodes increase can be unfavorable to plant-feeding nematomdes.View full abstractDownload PDF (916K) -
Tomoe SHIMIZU, Jun SHIMADA2003 Volume 38 Issue 3 Pages 163-169
Published: September 19, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: February 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined how the long-term manure application and reduced tillage had exerted influence on the population dynamics of soil mesofauna in the field. Over the cultivation period of corn (Zea mays), we collected soil samples from the four types of field, where managed with the different combination of manure or fertilizer application and conventional or reduced tillage, at regular intervals. Then soil mites and collembola were extracted by using tullugren apparatus. Mites and collembola were classified into several groups mainly on the order or family level, to calculate the density of each group.
Fungivorous species were dominant in every field. Although the reactions of mites and collembola were different among the groups, the density of both mites and collembola were higher in the manure applied plots than in the fertilizer applied as a whole. In particular, in the plot where manure application and reduced tillage combined, the densities of them were higher than other combination plots remarkably.
These results correlate positively with the fungal biomass in each treatment plot apparently. And predatory mites density also correlates positively that of fungivorous species. It is considered that manure application or reduced tillage may support to maintain the population of predatory macrofauna on higher trophic level, by increasing mites and collembolan as their food resources.View full abstractDownload PDF (986K) -
Jun SHIMADA, Rieko MURAI, Tomoe SHIMIZU2003 Volume 38 Issue 3 Pages 171-177
Published: September 19, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: February 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined how the long-term manure application and reduced tillage had exerted influence on the population dynamics of macrofauna in agroecosystem. Soil macroarthropods were caught by using the pitfall trap and funnel-shaped trap, in the four types of field managed with the different combination manure/fertilizer application and conventional/reduced tillage, at regular intervals, over the cultivation period of corn (Zea mays). Then they were counted and classified into several functional groups based on their food habits, on the order level.
Total number of arthropods tends to be larger in the field treated reduced tillage (RT) than in treated conventional tillage (T), and larger in the field applied manure (M) than in applied fertilizer (F). This tendency depends on the number of crickets (Gryllidae) that are neither herbivore nor predator, i. e. “other insects”. There was a tendency that the numbers of phytophagous arthropods of two orders (Lepidoptera and Hemiptera) in F were larger than in M. And spiders, they had predatory food habit, showed the tendency that higher number in M than in F. Few centipedes and earwings (Labidura riparia japonica) were caught in RT, and it is estimated that the result is due to soil physical difference.
The number of phytophagous insect pest reduced as a result of long-term manure application and reduced tillage. However, there was no correlation between the number of herbivores and that of predators. From these results, we considered that increasing the population of “other insects” as crickets has the negative effect on that of phytophagous insect pest indirectly.View full abstractDownload PDF (928K) -
Hisashi KOBAYASHI2003 Volume 38 Issue 3 Pages 179-184
Published: September 19, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: February 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (898K) -
Shuhei KANDA2003 Volume 38 Issue 3 Pages 185-192
Published: September 19, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: February 09, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1092K)
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