The purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of social movements by Japanese retail dealers in "Manchuria" (Northeast China) during a decade of 1920-1930. In 1920's, Japaneae retail dealers in staple foods and commodities generally fell into poverty caused by three important factors. They developed social movements intending to obtain the special protection of their trades from Kwantung Agency or South Manchuria Railway Company. Their demands for protection consisted of two main contents. One was to abolish the Consumer's Cooperative Societies and the other was to establish the financial banking for the running trade money to them. Japanese retail dealers made every effort to abolish the Cooperative Societies, but in vain. All they attained was the end of the direct protection for the Cooperative Societies by South Manchuria Railway Company. At the first stage of the movement, the retail dealers proeeded in accordance with the Chambers of Commerce in "Manchuria". In the latter half of 1920's, they established their own organization and propelled the movements against Cooperative Societies and for establishment of Manchuria Import Association, under the hegemony of retail dealers' shop societies. As the result of their roused social movements, South Manchuria Railway Company and Kwantung Agency were forced to take measures against the distressed "middle class" in 1927-1928. The establishment of Manchuria Import Associations and City Financial Associations by Kwantung Agency meant a remedy for the distressed "middle class" Japanese residents in "Manchuria". Nevertheless, such a remedy obviously could not result in the drastic improvement of the economic conditions of all the Japanese retail dealers. The retail dealers' demands were partially realized, some of their economic, social dissatisfaction sbsorbed into the "relief policy" by the colonial authorities, and others canalized to the exclusive anti-China movements. The development of trade activity of Chinese merchants was the basic factor which enforced the retail dealers to participate in the exclusionism movements. The enforcement of "Anti-Japan" economic policies by Chan Hsiieh-liang government accompanied by frequent boycottings of Japanese goods, accelerated the antiforeignism among Japanese residents. Thus, under the circumstances of the world crisis, Japanese retail dealers who combined the sense of depression in their own trade with the sense of exclusionism, responded excessively to the "crisis" of Japanese special interests in "Manchuria". To break through the difficult situation, they wanted every possible means, including the operation of Kwantung Army.

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The purpose of this paper is to elucidate how the Overseas Government Funds was shaped and what function it did in the period from 1896 to 1913. As is well known, the national finance in Japan changed to the imperialistic public finance by the dependence on the foreign capital in this period. At the same time, however, it brought forth the Overseas Government Funds. As far as this point was concerned the former studies have neglected it and as the result, they have naturally neglected the close relation between the foreign public finance and the foreign finance and also the important part of the Overseas Government Funds in the foreign payments. Therefore this paper is to make clear above-mentioned points. The characters and functions thd Overseas Government Funds had were as follows. (1) It had singularly shaped the international payment organization in Japanese capitalism in this period. The latter vertically consisted of 'the Overseas Government Fund Accounts', the Bank of Japan and the Yokohama Specie Bank (foreign exchange bank). (2) 'The Overseas Government Fund Accounts' payed the outside expenditures of government. Next it provided the Yokohama Specie Bank in the period from 1896 to 1903 and the Bank of Japan in the period from 1904 to 1913 with the payments of passive balance. The difference between the two periods was based on 'Foreign Specie System' started in 1904. (3) 'The Overseas Government Fund Accounts' was functionally singular in comparision with those of foreign countries. It resulted from the continually passive balance. (4) The international payment organization in Japan functionally regulated the two adjustmental mechanism of Gold Standard concerning the international disequilibrium and the domestic currency supply. However gold standard in Japan was supported by that. Then the international payment organization was depending on the foreign capital in this period as above. Therefore if it gets into trouble to import the foreign capital for Japan, it should bear not only the crisis of the international payment organization, especially of 'the Overseas Government Fund Accounts', but also that of international payments position. It really came about since the second Morocco incident. The international capital movement was face to face with troubles by the portent of World War. I. In face of difficulty to import the foreign capital, the international payment organization in Japan was being reformed by the Finance Ministry and the Bank of Japan but not. That was caused by the favorable balance of trade followed on the occurrance of World War I.

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The aim of this paper consists in elucidating the transformation in the local structure of the northern Burgundy (Bourgogne) from the socio-economic point of view. On the French political history one sets generally the first stage of the feudalism between 1000 and 1160, after the famous study concerning the region of Maconnais by G. Duby (1953). But we cannot deny that a series of other regional researches have the tendency to insist on the continuance of baronial power in the first half of this stage and on it's remarkable development, i. e. on the gradual formation of the "principaute territoriale" in it's second half, particularly in the northern part of France. We divided for convenience' sake the domination of landlords into personal aspect and material one. For the first aspect, the lords are obliged under the augmentation of fluidity to take necessary measures for preventing their tenants from getting rid of their domain (manor) with their property. The lords often made a contract each other on the title to immigrants into their domains. For the second aspect, we can find out the general advance of the property of tenants in their voluntary disposition of their tenures and in their right considerably solid to forest's usage. Corresponding to the tendency the lords take measures to dominate peasants depending more and more on their tenures. This is what we name the "realisation" of lordship. The appearance of terms meaning the genuine rent, i. e. "terragium", "terciae", proves the validity and the efficiency of this conception. The complex dominion could be more clearly indicated in the juridical right of lords, particularly the right of "advocatio" exercised by lay lords. The penetration of the reform of Gregory caused more advanced union between lay lords and churches, which provided with more favourable conditions for the barons to accumulate their powers and to make their territory more organic unity. In this respect the control over the fluidity provided them not only with revenue from toll and market tax, but with means to regulate immigrants who played the most important role for the cultivation promoted with energy by lords of middle and low classes. We must insist on the importance of the fluidity in this period, which transformed the character of the lordship and accelerated directly or indirectly the formation of the "territorial" baronies and principalities.

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